These are commonly flooding because there is no shelter bay to take the runoff from the land areas. Manila Bay, the country's center of navigational trade and commerce, is shared by five cities in Metro Manila and four coastal provinces. The Governors of each states of the federation hold the land in trust for the Federal Government, and are entitled to be the sole signatory of all certificate of occupancy (C of O) before a piece of land is legally owned by an individual or group of individuals. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. This could lead to permanent loss of mangroves or other plant species of economic/medicinal importance and habitat for marine organisms and wildlife and their emigration to unaffected areas, thereby upsetting the ecological balance. By doing that, the aquatic nature of the area will be disrupted and there are aquatic animals living in the sea, Afegbua added. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. Continuous mining leads to the deformation of the coast lines and the destruction of aquatic organisms, which results in extinction of species. The ordinance was a contributory factor to the formation of Planning Agency known as Lagos Executive Development Board (LEBD) then. Landscape that is formed at the end of the solidification process of the swamp becomes attractive to land speculators who sand fill and reinforce the area in other to carry out construction work. Artificial islands are an example of land reclamation. Expansion of creeks allow for navigational activities, commerce and construction. As a result, offshore systems such as coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded. During exploration the coast is first dredged, cleared of vegetation and reclaimed in other to create a plat form for mounting pillars that carry oil pipelines and well heads. 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. 5 Princes Gate Court, By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. In the same vein, birds feed and nest in the dense foliage. . Sand mining activity is a lucrative business in the Niger Delta and is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. It is also referred to as the process of improving lands to make them suitable for more intensive use. Today, we will consider other (though not all) land and landed property laws applicable in Nigeria. Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. It could also lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms. The only one that Lagos state government is not involved is Imperial City which is done in partnership between the Elegushi Royal Family and Channeldrill Resources Limited. He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. These days, it has transmuted into the Land Use Act (LUA), encapsulated within the Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004. This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. This situation had precipitated the uncontrolled reclamation of coastal lands [4]. Hydraulic reclamation method is a wet method that is used when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source. Over half of Nigeria's population live in rural areas -- 52% to be exact. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. The Niger Delta is found in the southern part of Nigeria and borders the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1). Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. According to Wikipedia, land reclamation (land fill) is a process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. The side of the sand filled area was piled up to form balkanization against the inflow of river water. A study found land-reclamation projects shrank the number of mangroves in Tubli Bay, off Bahrain's east coast. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. On its right is the popular Isale Eko, an. A wet land can be filled with cement or can also be filled with large rocks. Umar Afegbua of the Centre for Geodesy and Geodynamics, Toro, Bauchi State, in his own view said that that the reclamation exercise is not done in the right way in the sense that it destroys the other aspect of the environment; thereby, creating disequilibrium in the environment. You set a kind of disequilibrium in the environment. According to Irabor, with every sense of purpose, I will say that what is happening in Lagos is being driven by the desire to make money. Nevertheless, land utilization is influenced by nature and characteristics of soil, soil moisture and temperature, topography and land location, flora, fauna and climate. Government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure and expected revenue generation in a fiscal year. Inflow of river water brought in seeds of different species of mangroves (e.g. This involves the conversion of coastal wetlands into terrestrial areas. Presence of sediments leads to the gradual formation of terrestrial areas, which becomes the habitat for plants. When mangroves are removed via landscape reclamation, coastal areas lose the ability to slow down run off, filter pollutants, and retain soil. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. The attractiveness of the coastline is resulting in population concentrations along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly higher . Chapter 6Reclamation Methods6.1 DRY METHOD6.2 HYDRAULIC RECLAMATION METHOD6.3 REHANDLING FROM A REHANDLING PIT6.4 HYDRAULIC FILLING6.5 SAND SPREADING6.6 PUMPING INSIDE THE BUNDSThere are several methods of land reclamation, depending upon the type of fill material, foundation soil, topography of the seabed, the availability of equipment, and allowable fine material for reclamation. Along the coast, the average precipitation is about 2,000mm to 3,000mm. Nigeria has the largest population of any African country. Mangrove vegetation is the dominant species found at the interface between the land and the sea. The promise of accelerating growth, however, is questionable. The warm shallow waters of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity. The reclamation land which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land of over 100 hectares. Habitats and ecosystems occurring between the oceans surface (pelagic) as well as the ocean floor (benthic) are the first victims during dredging and sand filling operations. This means areas that had been cleared and sand filled could be opened up again to be interconnected with the river, so that it will gradually become alive and revert to its original form [11]. Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. This includes zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic organisms and fisheries. What is happening in Lagos should not be different. Public Law 95-87 requires that the AML section reclaim . The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] Ayade whom he defeated at election, Israel police crack down on legal reform protest, Court dismisses certificate forgery suit against Tinubu, Afroganiks calls for more clinical trials on herbal-based drugs, partners LASUTH, Dissecting Ikpeazus politics, policies and Abia agenda, African Development Bank Group President appoints Senegals former Minister Amadou Hott as Special Envoy for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa, Land use reform in Nigeria: Removing stifling bottlenecks. Increased turbidity leads to the blockage of light beyond water surface, thus hampering photosynthetic activities below the water surface such as the benthic region. Agricultural activities such as rice paddies and aquaculture are embarked upon in swampy coastal locations [14]. Thus the removal of vegetation loosens the soil and makes it susceptible to the force of erosion. The investment company of Lagos state, Ibile Holding Company is carrying out the project on behalf of the state. Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. The way the practice is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast. Globally, half of the world mangroves have been destroyed [16] as people have reclaimed those areas as a result of coastal development. This is because the adventitious roots of the mangrove forest serve as tidal breaks. Bounded in the South by the Atlantic Ocean, the city is situated on the mainland, home to 70% of the city's population with series of islands and a peninsula that holds the remaining 30% (Ogunlesi, 2012). The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. Work Plan for Groundwater Study at Long Island Mines. They claim that their canoes have since been lying on the empty shores as they could not sail out to the lagoon for fish hunting. We have carried out some investigations. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. Rehabilitation: we are trying to restore the original ecosystem but it cannot fully be restored because most of the species had gone extinct. Presently buildings have been erected on the site, which are occupied by some people. A future gas plant is to be located at the beach adjacent to Edko Town in the eastern part of Abu Qir Bay. A conceptualized reclamation pattern in coastal communities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. In the course of this period a small outlet was created by the side of the sand filled area, which allowed the entry of river water into the sand filled area during high tide. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. Land reclamation in the Niger Delta passes through five phases, which in all ramifications affect the environment. Lagos - 8,048,430 Lagos is one of earth's largest urban areas. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas . Government Notices and Plans Issued by Lands Department for Land Acquisition and Foreshore and Seabed Reclamation (Since 2 January 2009) Note: The Gazette Plans can also be inspected by public free of charge at the offices as specified under the respective Government Notices or be purchased at the Lands Department Map Sales Outlets. An example is the establishment of the liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Bonny Island in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The result indicates that Potassium and magnesium had the highest concentration. You have entered an incorrect email address! Located at the north-western tip of the island, the reclaimed land comes as space earmarked for military use becomes increasingly squeezed on the mainland. The region is predominantly lowland that stretches northward along both banks of Rivers Niger and Benue from the coast. Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Submitted: June 20th, 2018 Reviewed: October 15th, 2018 Published: January 8th, 2020, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. This means that those living on the old waterfront now have a large expanse of land bordering their respective locations. Sand mining is also done with more sophisticated machines, where pumps are used to convey sand from the bottom of the river unto land via long pipes. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam is backing a plan to throw $64 billion . It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. So, some observers are of the view that the recent flooding that are now common in these areas are not unconnected to the ongoing massive land reclamation. Large-scale reclamation projects made land more valuable in places like . Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. Through the use of police power they acquire and take over mangrove forest they bulldoze the forest, dredge and sand fill the site, which they allow to lie fallow for some years or reinforce and develop immediately. 3:02 am. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. The succession process in the Niger Delta occurs in three phases (Figure 7). While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. Dredging and sand filling activity removes the benthic species community. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. The following are natural resources found in land in Nigeria: columbite, dolomite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone, silver, uranium and crude oil. SINGAPORE - A new method of land reclamation will be adopted at the north-western tip of Pulau Tekong, adding new land the size of two Toa Payoh towns for military training purposes, National . We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. ( See also city; urban planning .) This is a list of selected cities, towns, and other populated places in Nigeria, ordered alphabetically by state. I have this example for you. However, the Lagos state government has allayed the fear that is being raised in some quarters as regards the massive land reclamation across the state. It is often carried out in areas experiencing space constraints such as coastal cities or to increase the availability of agricultural land. Israeli police clashed Wednesday with protesters rallying against the government's judicial reform programme which critics say threatens democracy, as lawmakers held a preliminary vote on the latest controversial bill. Sites T1, T2 and T3 are the end, middle and mouth of the sand fill area. This could lead to the death of soil dwelling organisms. Section 1(1) of the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act, 2007 gives the federal government ownership and . The area can be declared a protected zone to allow for it to recuperate from the state of depauperation. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprisingresidential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). Land reclamation is a common problem in the cities. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. The method is mostly regarded as the simplest one. When reclamation is done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness in the land use.. 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