1981. Munck, Victor de, and Jennifer McGreevey. The marriage would be practiced outside one's group, class or caste. A division of labor by gender is a cultural universal and it is proposed that marriage is a way for females and males to productively share the results of their varied subsistence tasks. State societies are likely to have less male mortality because fighting forces tend to be specialized; therefore male mortality is less likely to be an important factor. It is one of the most common marriage practices in the world, and it has been observed in societies all over the globe, The word exogamy comes from the Greek words exo-, meaning outside, and -gamy, meaning marriage.. 2011. Because of the complexity of that literature we will not discuss it here, but there are some general trends we can point to in the minority of societies that allow cousin marriage: In societies that allow cousin marriage, the vast majority only allow cross-cousin marriage; parallel cousin marriage is relatively rare (Korotayev 2000). It is often called out-marriage due to the importance of looking outside one's group. The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. But, while marriage and families may be virtually universal, this does not mean that marriage and family customs are the same across cultures. Rosenblatt, Paul C., and David Unangst. Indirect support for the sex-ratio hypothesis comes from research on the presence of polyandrous marriages. Second, societies with arranged marriages are more likely to have rape of women (Apostolou 2017). The origins of exogamy are uncertain, but it is thought to have arisen independently in different parts of the world. 2018. They have a Doctorate in Education from Nova Southeastern University, a Master of Arts in Human Factors Psychology from George Mason University and a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Flagler College. While there is considerable research on the type of marriage and the conditions associated with it, aside from some research on aloofness/intimacy there is relatively little known about the quality of the marital relationship. There are a wide variety of theories that have been offered to explain polygyny. lower rates of premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). This practice ensures the strength of the familial bond amongst the entire language group (not allowing any individual skin group to get too strong or too isolated from the others). Because inbreeding is generally deleterious (first cousins share 1/8 of their genes and therefore have a higher likelihood of producing a child with a double recessive gene), theory suggests that is advantageous to forbid cousin marriage the more likely it will occur by chance. Endogamy is the practice of marrying within the same group. Endogamy has the organizational benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community, so inheritance and property are not diffused among too many people. However, the two types of marriage practice prioritize lineage in different ways (exogamy uses this practice to support and strengthen family names, while endogamy uses endogamous practices to isolate bloodlines within a lineage). The Selknam, on the Life and Thought of a Hunting People of the Great Island of Tierra Del Fuego., Sexual Division of Labor and Cross-Cultural Research., Factors Influencing the Allowance of Cousin Marriages in the Standard Cross Cultural Sample., Marriage, Authority, and Final Causes: A Study of Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage., Explaining Monogamy and Polygyny Among Foragers and Horticulturalists., Material Resource Investments at Marriage: Evolutionary, Social, and Ecological Perspectives., New Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Marriage Transactions., The Economics of Misbehavior, Love and Marriage Contract Enforcement., D-PLACE: A Global Database of Cultural, Linguistic and Environmental Diversity. brideprice religion The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. Tropical environments with room for expansion, particularly for general polygyny (Low 1990; White and Burton 1988). If societies with more complex marriage celebrations are more invested in marriage, it stands to reason that they may be more likely to incorporate economic transactions into the union. Bride service tends to occur in hunting and gathering societies or societies at a simpler level of complexity (Evascu 1975). How do you pronounce that? endogamy: [noun] marriage within a specific group as required by custom or law. Why? 2019. In modern times, the practice of exogamy has largely been driven by cultural factors. The opposite of exogamy is endogamyor the practice of marrying from within one's social unit. Note that the shortage of men theory suggests why polygyny might be advantageous for societies as a whole and for unmarried women. I feel like its a lifeline. Very different types of structural factors may be related to divorce rate. 2016. But why polygyny? Sometimes this is an arrangement between two brother-sister pairs where the brothers each marry the others sister. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Lee, Gary R., and Lorene Hemhill Stone. While first cousin marriage may have higher risk of offspring carrying harmful double recessive genes, severe population loss makes it more difficult to find eligible mates in societies that are already relatively small. Mandatory marriage within one's own group is known as endogamy. It is marriage within the group and the group may be caste, class, tribe, race, village, religious group etc.We have caste endogamy, class endogamy, sub caste endogamy . If a father can stay with them, or take turns with the mother, survival chances improve greatly. So, in a patrilineal society, children will be in the same kin group as their father, their fathers brother, and their fathers brothers children. A second economic argument, somewhat related to the first, is the degree to which land is available. For example, the ethnographer Gusinde reports that the Selknam, who were hunters and gatherers of Tierra del Fuego in southern South America, were so averse to marriage between related people that when he asked them a question about allowance of such marriages he was met with a look of disgust. Kirby, Kathryn R., Russell D. Gray, Simon J. Greenhill, Fiona M. Jordan, Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Hans-Jorg Bibiko, Damian E. Blasi, et al. 2007. Why? An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. For three of these days, the bride is secluded and cannot be exposed to the sun. Some men will be unmarried, some men will only have one wife, and some will be currently monogamous but marry polygynously later. But more importantly, two women are likely to have twice as many mouths to feed and care for. 2019. Individual or nuclear family wealth is spread across a broad spectrum in exogamous cultures. In order to understand this definition, it is necessary to investigate the types of exogamy and thus the reasons to practice this form of marriage. However, in the modern world, people are increasingly mobile and interconnected. Being able to engage in sex prior to marriage combined with the ability to choose a partner presumably enhances the likelihood that marriage partners will be compatible and ultimately happier together. Pasternak, Burton, Carol R. Ember, and Melvin Ember. patrilocal legend Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. J. F. McLennan[8] holds that exogamy was due originally to a scarcity of women among small bands. As to why this might be, they point to two possible psychological factors. 1960. Obviously, women can have children without being married, but unmarried women generally face greater economic difficulties when trying to raise children. "[6] In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.[7]. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. The Komachi, pastoral nomads of southern Iran, preferred marriage with kin who were no more distant than second cousins and about 70% were with first cousins (Bradburd 1990, 115). Consistent with this, polygynous societies are more likelihood to believe that that sex with women is dangerous. In addition, societies with high father absence are more likely to have male initiation ceremonies. We don't care how many ads you see or how many pages you view. Members of each totem may only marry members of the other totem. Ancient Rome The religion of Islam insists that daughters must inherit in addition to sons (although daughters receive only half the amount as sons). economy Obviously, we cannot talk about marriage in other species, but we can look at species with some stability in male-female mating and compare them with species lacking any stability. 2021. See more. The most important distinction made in many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins. 25 chapters | And of those that have substantial economic transactions, bride price or bridewealth is the most common, followed by bride service. residence Rainfall variability is likely to produce uneven productivity between communities and exogamy provides more opportunities for movement to even out resources. type of marriage limited to only one spouse at any given time. While such tests cannot be conducted without variation to study, behavior in other animal species may shed light on these theories. In addition to blood relatives, marriage to members of a specific totem, clan (s) or other group (s) may be forbidden. Marriage and Family in C. R. Ember, ed. A more recent example is the Mosuo or Na of Yunnan in southwest China. A socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, entailing rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have. The second may be related to that finding that polygyny is associated with lower warmth toward children presumably because mothers have little help in childcare (Korotayev and Bondarenko 2000). Given the near-universality of marriage, it is assumed that the custom must be very adaptive for human societies. 1962. However, this overall finding comes with some qualifications. Exogamy Our next governing rule of marriage is exogamy. Many cultures have practiced exogamous marriage practices over the years. The Inuit assign totem names to each half of the moiety. Simple exogamy is in practice in the Indian tribes and North American. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. And families vary in size and composition from a single-parent unit to very large multi-generation families and households. This finding is consistent with anecdotal evidence that arranged marriage customs tend to break down with modernization. The opposite of exogamy is endogamy . From a genetic point of view, aversion to breeding with close relatives results in fewer congenital diseases. As long as families have daughters and the daughters marry, every family will receive bride price and pay out bride price when their sons marry. Blumberg and Winch found support for the curvilinear hypothesis both with data from a nonindustrial sample and then also with data from a country sample. anthropology dictionary Munck, Victor de, and Andrey V. Korotayev. However, sometimes parents still have to approve the choice. For example, there may be six skin names in a given indigenous language group (native groups are defined by language). As discussed in the sexuality module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices. Endogamous marriage is that which is controlled by the some group. Disclosure:Please note that some of the links in this post are affiliate links. Families are essential for human development.